home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Xref: bloom-picayune.mit.edu sci.space:51993 news.answers:4380
- Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!eff!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!emory!gatech!concert!borg!mahler!leech
- From: leech@mahler.cs.unc.edu (Jon Leech)
- Newsgroups: sci.space,news.answers
- Subject: Space FAQ 11/15 - Upcoming Planetary Probes
- Keywords: Frequently Asked Questions
- Message-ID: <new_probes_723318259@cs.unc.edu>
- Date: 2 Dec 92 17:44:27 GMT
- Expires: 6 Jan 93 17:44:19 GMT
- References: <diffs_723318039@cs.unc.edu>
- Sender: news@cs.unc.edu
- Followup-To: poster
- Organization: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Lines: 224
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
- Supersedes: <new_probes_720641850@cs.unc.edu>
-
- Archive-name: space/new_probes
- Last-modified: $Date: 92/12/02 12:34:47 $
-
- UPCOMING PLANETARY PROBES - MISSIONS AND SCHEDULES
-
- Information on upcoming or currently active missions not mentioned below
- would be welcome. Sources: NASA fact sheets, Cassini Mission Design
- team, ISAS/NASDA launch schedules, press kits.
-
-
- CASSINI - Saturn orbiter and Titan atmosphere probe. Cassini is a joint
- NASA/ESA project designed to accomplish an exploration of the Saturnian
- system with its Cassini Saturn Orbiter and Huygens Titan Probe. Cassini
- is scheduled for launch aboard a Titan IV/Centaur in October of 1997.
- After gravity assists of Venus, Earth and Jupiter in a VVEJGA
- trajectory, the spacecraft will arrive at Saturn in June of 2004. Upon
- arrival, the Cassini spacecraft performs several maneuvers to achieve an
- orbit around Saturn. Near the end of this initial orbit, the Huygens
- Probe separates from the Orbiter and descends through the atmosphere of
- Titan. The Orbiter relays the Probe data to Earth for about 3 hours
- while the Probe enters and traverses the cloudy atmosphere to the
- surface. After the completion of the Probe mission, the Orbiter
- continues touring the Saturnian system for three and a half years. Titan
- synchronous orbit trajectories will allow about 35 flybys of Titan and
- targeted flybys of Iapetus, Dione and Enceladus. The objectives of the
- mission are threefold: conduct detailed studies of Saturn's atmosphere,
- rings and magnetosphere; conduct close-up studies of Saturn's
- satellites, and characterize Titan's atmosphere and surface.
-
- One of the most intriguing aspects of Titan is the possibility that its
- surface may be covered in part with lakes of liquid hydrocarbons that
- result from photochemical processes in its upper atmosphere. These
- hydrocarbons condense to form a global smog layer and eventually rain
- down onto the surface. The Cassini orbiter will use onboard radar to
- peer through Titan's clouds and determine if there is liquid on the
- surface. Experiments aboard both the orbiter and the entry probe will
- investigate the chemical processes that produce this unique atmosphere.
-
- The Cassini mission is named for Jean Dominique Cassini (1625-1712), the
- first director of the Paris Observatory, who discovered several of
- Saturn's satellites and the major division in its rings. The Titan
- atmospheric entry probe is named for the Dutch physicist Christiaan
- Huygens (1629-1695), who discovered Titan and first described the true
- nature of Saturn's rings.
-
- Key Scheduled Dates for the Cassini Mission (VVEJGA Trajectory)
- -------------------------------------------------------------
- 10/06/97 - Titan IV/Centaur Launch
- 04/21/98 - Venus 1 Gravity Assist
- 06/20/99 - Venus 2 Gravity Assist
- 08/16/99 - Earth Gravity Assist
- 12/30/00 - Jupiter Gravity Assist
- 06/25/04 - Saturn Arrival
- 01/09/05 - Titan Probe Release
- 01/30/05 - Titan Probe Entry
- 06/25/08 - End of Primary Mission
- (Schedule last updated 7/22/92)
-
-
- GALILEO - Jupiter orbiter and atmosphere probe, in transit. Has returned
- the first resolved images of an asteroid, Gaspra, while in transit to
- Jupiter. Efforts to unfurl the stuck High-Gain Antenna (HGA) are
- continuing, though eventual success appears less likely. If the HGA
- cannot be unfurled, JPL has developed a backup plan using data
- compression (JPEG-like for images, lossless compression for data from
- the other instruments) which should allow the mission to achieve
- approximately 70% of its objectives.
-
- Galileo Schedule
- ----------------
- 10/18/89 - Launch from Space Shuttle
- 02/09/90 - Venus Flyby
- 10/**/90 - Venus Data Playback
- 12/08/90 - 1st Earth Flyby
- 05/01/91 - High Gain Antenna Unfurled
- 07/91 - 06/92 - 1st Asteroid Belt Passage
- 10/29/91 - Asteroid Gaspra Flyby
- 12/08/92 - 2nd Earth Flyby
- 05/93 - 11/93 - 2nd Asteroid Belt Passage
- 08/28/93 - Asteroid Ida Flyby
- 07/02/95 - Probe Separation
- 07/09/95 - Orbiter Deflection Maneuver
- 12/95 - 10/97 - Orbital Tour of Jovian Moons
- 12/07/95 - Jupiter/Io Encounter
- 07/18/96 - Ganymede
- 09/28/96 - Ganymede
- 12/12/96 - Callisto
- 01/23/97 - Europa
- 02/28/97 - Ganymede
- 04/22/97 - Europa
- 05/31/97 - Europa
- 10/05/97 - Jupiter Magnetotail Exploration
-
-
- HITEN - Japanese (ISAS) lunar probe launched 1/24/90. Has made
- multiple lunar flybys. Released Hagoromo, a smaller satellite,
- into lunar orbit. This mission made Japan the third nation to
- orbit a satellite around the Moon.
-
-
- MAGELLAN - Venus radar mapping mission. Has mapped almost the entire
- surface at high resolution. Currently (11/92) in mapping cycle 4,
- collecting a global gravity map.
-
-
- MARS OBSERVER - Mars orbiter including 1.5 m/pixel resolution camera.
- Currently (11/92) in transit to Mars arrival in 8/93. Operations start
- 11/93 for one martian year (687 days).
-
-
- TOPEX/Poseidon - Joint US/French Earth observing satellite, launched in
- August 1992 on an Ariane 4 booster. The primary objective of the
- TOPEX/POSEIDON project is to make precise and accurate global
- observations of the sea level for several years, substantially
- increasing understanding of global ocean dynamics. The satellite also
- will increase understanding of how heat is transported in the ocean.
-
-
- ULYSSES- European Space Agency probe to study the Sun from an orbit over
- its poles. Launched in late 1990, it carries particles-and-fields
- experiments (such as magnetometer, ion and electron collectors for
- various energy ranges, plasma wave radio receivers, etc.) but no camera.
-
- Since no human-built rocket is hefty enough to send Ulysses far out of
- the ecliptic plane, it went to Jupiter instead, and stole energy from
- that planet by sliding over Jupiter's north pole in a gravity-assist
- manuver in February 1992. This bent its path into a solar orbit tilted
- about 85 degrees to the ecliptic. It will pass over the Sun's south pole
- in the summer of 1993. Its aphelion is 5.2 AU, and, surprisingly, its
- perihelion is about 1.5 AU-- that's right, a solar-studies spacecraft
- that's always further from the Sun than the Earth is!
-
- While in Jupiter's neigborhood, Ulysses studied the magnetic and
- radiation environment. For a short summary of these results, see
- *Science*, V. 257, p. 1487-1489 (11 September 1992). For gory technical
- detail, see the many articles in the same issue.
-
-
- OTHER SPACE SCIENCE MISSIONS (note: this is based on a posting by Ron
- Baalke in 11/89, with ISAS/NASDA information contributed by Yoshiro
- Yamada (yamada@yscvax.ysc.go.jp). I'm attempting to track changes based
- on updated shuttle manifests; corrections and updates are welcome.
-
- 1993 Missions
- o Wind [Aug, Delta II rocket]
- Satellite to measure solar wind input to magnetosphere.
-
- o Space Radar Lab [Sep, STS-60 SRL-01]
- Gather radar images of Earth's surface.
-
- o Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer [Dec, Pegasus rocket]
- Study of Stratospheric ozone.
-
- o SFU (Space Flyer Unit) [ISAS]
- Conducting space experiments and observations and this can be
- recovered after it conducts the various scientific and
- engineering experiments. SFU is to be launched by ISAS and
- retrieved by the U.S. Space Shuttle on STS-68 in 1994.
-
- 1994
- o Polar Auroral Plasma Physics [May, Delta II rocket]
- June, measure solar wind and ions and gases surrounding the
- Earth.
-
- o IML-2 (STS) [NASDA, Jul 1994 IML-02]
- International Microgravity Laboratory.
-
- o ADEOS [NASDA]
- Advanced Earth Observing Satellite.
-
- o MUSES-B (Mu Space Engineering Satellite-B) [ISAS]
- Conducting research on the precise mechanism of space structure
- and in-space astronomical observations of electromagnetic waves.
-
- 1995
- LUNAR-A [ISAS]
- Elucidating the crust structure and thermal construction of the
- moon's interior.
-
-
- Proposed Missions:
- o Advanced X-ray Astronomy Facility (AXAF)
- Possible launch from shuttle in 1995, AXAF is a space
- observatory with a high resolution telescope. It would orbit for
- 15 years and study the mysteries and fate of the universe.
-
- o Earth Observing System (EOS)
- Possible launch in 1997, 1 of 6 US orbiting space platforms to
- provide long-term data (15 years) of Earth systems science
- including planetary evolution.
-
- o Mercury Observer
- Possible 1997 launch.
-
- o Lunar Observer
- Possible 1997 launch, would be sent into a long-term lunar
- orbit. The Observer, from 60 miles above the moon's poles, would
- survey characteristics to provide a global context for the
- results from the Apollo program.
-
- o Space Infrared Telescope Facility
- Possible launch by shuttle in 1999, this is the 4th element of
- the Great Observatories program. A free-flying observatory with
- a lifetime of 5 to 10 years, it would observe new comets and
- other primitive bodies in the outer solar system, study cosmic
- birth formation of galaxies, stars and planets and distant
- infrared-emitting galaxies
-
- o Mars Rover Sample Return (MRSR)
- Robotics rover would return samples of Mars' atmosphere and
- surface to Earch for analysis. Possible launch dates: 1996 for
- imaging orbiter, 2001 for rover.
-
- o Fire and Ice
- Possible launch in 2001, will use a gravity assist flyby of
- Earth in 2003, and use a final gravity assist from Jupiter in
- 2005, where the probe will split into its Fire and Ice
- components: The Fire probe will journey into the Sun, taking
- measurements of our star's upper atmosphere until it is
- vaporized by the intense heat. The Ice probe will head out
- towards Pluto, reaching the tiny world for study by 2016.
-
-
- NEXT: FAQ #12/15 - Controversial questions
-